From the Soil Comes the Spoils: Discovering Mineable Critical Minerals Beneath Our Feet Activity Source: Soil Science Society of America Grade Levels: 6-9 Background Every soil on Earth is made up of mineral particles that originated from the weathering and breakdown of rocks. These minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica, and various metal oxides (including iron and manganese) and give soil its color, texture, and chemical properties (see Figure below). Many of the same mineral families found in soil are the source of critical minerals: resources essential to modern technology, from the lithium in batteries to the rare earth elements in smartphones. [Read More]

Gold Panning Activity Source: Adapted with permission by Adrienne Barnett, Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland, California. “Thar’s gold in them thar classrooms!” History meets Earth science in the fun, hands-on activity below. Some gold deposits, or lodes, are found in veins of fractured rock. After millions of years of weathering, gold nuggets and flakes are eroded out of the veins and carried away by streams and rivers. Gold is 19 times heavier than water and tends to settle on the bottom and in the bends of rivers, streams, and lakes with sand and gravel, forming deposits called placer. [Read More]

Grow Your Own Crystals Activity Source: Source: Mineralogical Society of America. Adapted with permission. Most minerals happen naturally as crystals. Crystals are made of specific atoms or molecules joined to make distinctive repeating patterns. The crystals that make up many kinds of minerals are formed deep underground through the interaction of fluid, pressure, and temperature. Some minerals form at or near the surface. You may have seen spectacular mineral samples in museums, but you might not be aware that minerals are everywhere, including in your body. [Read More]

How NASA Reads Minerals from Light Check back in August 2026 for this brand new activity from NASA! Activity Source:NASA Grade levels: 8-12 Introduction What if you could identify a mineral just by looking at the color of light it reflects? That’s the idea behind imaging spectroscopy, a technology NASA originally developed to study the surfaces of other planets period now, through a mission called the Geological Earth Mapping Experiment (GEMx), NASA and the U. [Read More]

Investigating Different Rock Types Activity Source: Adapted with permission by the Association of American State Geologists from AGI’s Investigating Earth Systems, Rocks and Landforms, pp. 1-3. Background In this investigation, you will explore the characteristics of various types of rocks. Why are rocks important to citizen scientists? There are a number of reasons: We live on the topmost layer of the Earth, the crust, which is made of solid rock. We also make structures out of this rock, as well as mine it for useful minerals. [Read More]

Iron Minerals on the Moon Activity Source: Minerals Education Coalition. Adapted with permission. This easy exercise models one of the processes currently being researched at four U.S. universities to enable recovery of iron and other materials found on the Moon to construct an inhabited workstation. Research is being done to perfect magnetic separation techniques to recover iron-bearing minerals from the lunar soil. Magnetic separation is used to separate iron from other materials in iron ore processing. [Read More]

Map-Making Basics Activity Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 2006. Adapted with permission. Background Maps are two-dimensional ways of representing information about the natural and built world from a “top-down” perspective. You are probably familiar with road maps that show where roads go and which roads intersect with others and where. You also may have seen weather maps, which show weather patterns across a specific geographic area, or political maps, which show where borders are for countries and areas within those countries. [Read More]

Mineral Electrical Conductivity Activity Source: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. Adapted with permission. People must mine minerals to provide all kinds of materials that we depend on in our lives. For example, wires and circuit boards used in electronics are made of mined minerals. Copper, which is refined from rocks containing copper sulfide and copper oxide, is the most common mineral used in electronics because it is an excellent electrical conductor. [Read More]

Mineral Identification Activity Source: Adapted from Women in Mining Education Foundation Education Activities Purpose To teach the student to identify minerals by observing and testing the physical properties of each mineral. Instructions Set up mineral stations for each mineral the students are to identify. If necessary, some stations may have two minerals to identify. Each station should be equipped with one each of the following items: Glass plate Penny Streak plate (white unglazed porcelain) Magnet Water Balance Scale Graduated cylinder (for specific gravity test) Steel Nail Divide students into equal groups. [Read More]

Minerals’ Role in Sustainable Energy Sources Activity Source: The Mineralogical Society of America Grade Levels: 6-12 Background Certain minerals are called “Critical Materials for Energy” because they play essential roles in sustainable energy sources such as solar and wind, and in energy-storage devices, like batteries. But, how exactly do minerals help convert and store energy from the Sun and wind? Where do these minerals come from, and what is their path from the source to the final product? [Read More]